PhoneScope - customizable
Note: Any tips will go straight to our charity "TReND in Africa" (www.trendinafrica.org) which is dedicated to fostering university level science education on the African continent!
This is a simple chassis to slot over an iPhone and hold a lens just over the camera to create a little pocket microcope. I added a "focus" (that screw on top) and the whole thing stacks nicely when not used.
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Currently I have made this for iPhone 4 and 5 (sub-types fit as well), but it should be a one-minute job to fit it to any other phone using the customizer - explanations in the attached pdf.
For lenses, I use these (http://www.aixiz.com/store/product_info.php/cPath/46/products_id/374/osCsid/37cabc139b4f03b0e0a522178defae7e) which are 10 lenses for 10 US$, but any odd lens should do. You'll also need an M3 boat and an M3 screw of about 20 mm. I hope it is all pretty self-explanatory.
Note1: If you do modify this for another phone type (and have tested that it actually fits!), could I ask you that you please either upload it as well, or drop me a note so I can add it here. It would be nice to have versions for all kinds of phones. Thanks!
Note2: for iPhone, I can recommend the app "Camera+" which I think is free - it allows you to do a few key things, such as keeping the flash permanently on, or to disable autofocus (which can be annoying)